Cancer occurs when genetic mutations cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, sometimes forming tumors that disrupt normal body functions. Mutations can be inherited or caused by environmental factors called carcinogens, including radiation, chemicals, viruses, or lifestyle factors.
Risk Factors:
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Tobacco and alcohol use
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Unhealthy diet and high BMI
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Lack of exercise
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UV exposure and radiation
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Certain infections (HPV, hepatitis, H. pylori)
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Aging and chronic inflammation
Types of Cancer:
Cancers are named by their origin and cell type:
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Carcinoma – skin or organ lining
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Sarcoma – bones, muscles, connective tissue
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Leukemia – blood-forming cells
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Lymphoma/Myeloma – immune system
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Plus many organ-specific types (breast, lung, colon, etc.)
Signs and Symptoms:
Lumps, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, skin changes, digestive issues, or persistent cough. Early detection through screenings improves treatment success.
How Cancer Spreads:
Mutated cells divide uncontrollably. Tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant cells can metastasize via blood or lymph, making treatment harder.
Treatment Options:
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Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
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Stem cell transplants
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Immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy
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Clinical trials and complementary approaches (yoga, acupuncture, meditation)
Prevention:
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Avoid tobacco and limit alcohol
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Eat a healthy, mostly plant-based diet
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Exercise regularly
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Protect from sun and avoid tanning beds
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Vaccinate against cancer-linked viruses (HPV, hepatitis B)
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Regular screenings for early detection
Takeaway:
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth due to genetic changes and environmental or lifestyle factors. Early detection, healthy habits, and timely treatment improve outcomes.